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Showing posts with label carbon. Show all posts
Showing posts with label carbon. Show all posts

Acids - pH Values

pH is a measure of the activity of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution and, therefore, its acidity or alkalinity.



Acidity of some common acids are indicated in the table below :

Acid
Normality
pH
Acetic
N
2.4
Acetic
0.1 N
2.9
Acetic
0.01 N
3.4
Alum
0.1 N
3.2
Arsenious
saturated
5.0
Benzoic
0.1 N
3.0
Boric
0.1 N
5.2
Carbonic
saturated
3.8
Citric
0.1 N
2.2
Formic
0.1 N
2.3
Hydrochloric
N
0.1
Hydrochloric
0.1 N
1.1
Hydrochloric
0.01 N
2.0
Hydrocyanic
0.1 N
5.1
Hydrogen sulfide
0.1 N
4.1
Lactic
0.1 N
2.4
Lemon Juice

2
Malic
0.1 N
2.2
Nitric
0.1N
1.0
Orthophosphoric
0.1 N
1.5
Oxalic
0.1 N
1.3
Salicylic
saturated
2.4
Succinic
0.1N
2.7
Sulfuric
N
0.3
Sulfuric
0.1 N
1.2
Sulfuric
0.01 N
2.1
Sulfurous
0.1 N
1.5
Stomach Acid

1
Tartaric
0.1 N
2.2
Trichloracetic
0.1N
1.2
Vinegar

3

be smart & Wise..
Posted by Ajie's Blog at 7:31 PM, Add Comment
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Biogas - Typical Composition

Typical composition of biogas produced from household waste

Biogas can be produced from several biomass resources. Typically by anaerobic digestion with an anaerobic bacteria or by fermentation of biodegradable materials such as :
  •  crops
  • manure
  • sewage
  • municipal waste
  • green waste
  • plant material
Typical composition of biogas produced from household waste is indicated below :

Substance
Weight (%)
Typical
Range
Ash
25
15 - 40
Carbon
25
15 - 35
Chlorine
0.7
0.5 - 1.0
Hydrogen
3
2 - 5
Nitrogen
0.6
0.2 - 1.0
Oxygen
18
12 - 24
Sulphur
0.003
0.002 - 0.6
Water
20
15 - 35

The energy released by the combustion of methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) in the biogas can be used for any heating purpose. The energy can also be used in gas engines to produce electricity.
Compressed biogas can be used to power motor vehicles


Posted by Ajie's Blog at 1:54 AM, 1 Comment
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Environtment - Carbon Monoxide (Health Effects)

Exposure health effects of Carbon Monoxide - CO

Carbon monoxide is a odorless, tasteless, colorless and toxic gas.

Carbon monoxide is produced as a by-product of combustion. Any combustion process, fuel burning appliance, vehicle or other device has the potential to produce carbon monoxide gas.

Carbon monoxide is dangerous because it inhibits the blood's ability to carry oxygen to vital organs such as the heart and brain. Inhaled CO combines with the oxygen carrying hemoglobin of the blood and forms carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) which is unusable for transporting oxygen.

Health effects of various concentration of carbon monoxide :

xposure
(hours)
CO Concentration
(ppm)1
Perceptible
Sickness3)
Deadly4)
0.5
600
1000
2000
1
200
600
1600
2
100
300
1000
4
50
150
400
6
25
120
200
8
252)
100
150

1) ppm - parts per million - is defined as the mass of the component in solution divided by the total mass of the solution multiplied by 106 (one million)

2) The maximum exposure allowed by OSHA in the workplace over an eight hour period is 35 ppm.

3) Typical sickness symptoms are mild headache, fatigue, nausea and dizziness.

4) A CO concentration of 12-13000 ppm is deadly after 1-3 minutes. A CO concentration of 1600 ppm is deadly after one hour


Concentration of
CO in the air
(ppm)
Inhalation Time
Toxic Symptoms
9
Short term exposure
recommended maximum allowable concentration in living area.
35
8 hours
The maximum exposure allowed by OSHA in the workplace over an eight hour period.
200
2-3 hours
Slight headache, tiredness, fatigue, nausea and dizziness.
400
1-2 hours
Serious headache-other symptoms intensify.
Life threatening after 3 hours.
800
45 minutes
Dizziness, nausea and convulsions.
Unconscious within 2 hours.
Death after 2-3 hours.
1,600
20 minutes
Headache, dizziness and nausea.
Death within 1 hour.
3,200
5-10 minutes
Headache, dizziness, nausea.
Death within 1 hour.
6,400
1-2 minutes
Headache, dizziness, nausea.
Death within 25-30 minutes.
12,800
1-3 minutes
Death within 1-3 minutes

Posted by Ajie's Blog at 12:02 AM, Add Comment
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